BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea   F A C T S H E E T

Introduction

Botrytis blight or gray mold is a fungus disease which infects a wide array of herbaceous annual and perennial plants. There are several species of the fungus Botrytis which can cause blights; the most common is Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis infections are favored by cool, rainy spring and summer weather usually around 15C (60F). Gray mold can be particularly damaging when rainy, drizzly weather continues over several days.

Botrytis cinerea can infect many ornamental plants including: anemone, begonia, calendula, chrysanthemum, dahlia, dogwood, fuchsia, geranium, hawthorn, heather, hydrangea, marigold, pansy, periwinkle, petunia, rose, snapdragon, sunflower, sweet pea, violet, zinnia. Two other damaging Botrytis blight fungi have strict host preferences: Botrytis paeoniae infects peony, and Botrytis tulipae infects tulip causing the disease known as tulip fire.

Among vegetables and fruit, Botrytis cinerea can infect asparagus, bean, beet, carrot, celery, chicory, crucifers, cucurbits, eggplant, endive, grape, lettuce, onion, pepper, potato, raspberry, rhubarb, rutabaga, shallot, strawberry, tomato, turnip, and others. Refer to Table 1 for further details on how botrytis blight affects certain kind of plants.

Symptoms

During wet or humid weather, examine any brown or spotted plant material that develops, and look for masses of silver-gray spores on the dead or dying tissue. These spores are readily liberated, and may appear as a dust coming off of heavily infected plant material. Some species of Botrytis form tiny black resting stuctures called sclerotia that may be evident on dead plant tissue in late summer. Not all species of Botrytis readily form these, so they may not be observed on all plants.

Fig. 1 Rose affected by botrytis blight (provided by the Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic, Cornell University) Fig. 2 Botrytis on strawberries (provided by the Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic, Cornell University)

Botrytis blight can affect leaves, stems, crowns, flowers, flower buds, seeds, seedlings, bulbs, and just about any other part of a plant with the exception of the roots. Fortunately, this fungus usually prefers certain plant parts on each kind of plant it attacks as outlined in Table 1.

Disease Cycle

On most susceptible plants, new infections may begin in the spring as soon as weather conditions are favorable for disease development. Wet or very humid weather may be highly favorable for the spread of the disease. For some Botrytis spp., sclerotia develop in dead plant tissue and form the overwintering stage of the fungus. Fungal mycelium may also overwinter in woody stem debris. Sclerotia then germinate in the spring, or mycelium grows out of infected debris and conidia (infectious spores) develop. Conidia may be windborne or rainsplashed to cause new infections on susceptible host tissue.

Management Strategies

The best way to manage this disease is by inspection and sanitation. While inspecting plants carry a paper bag for sanitation. Remove faded or blighted flowers, blighted leaves, or entire plants infected at the base and place them in the paper bag so that they may be discarded with the trash or burned. It is best not to do any sanitation when plants are wet with dew or rain since this could spread fungal spores during conditions which favor infection. Likewise avoid overhead watering, syringing, or misting plants especially if Botrytis blight has been troublesome in the past. To promote rapid drying of plants, space them to allow good air circulation.

Remember that this fungus can overwinter as tiny, black sclerotia embedded in dead plant tissue. Therefore, practice sanitation every autumn. Remove plant debris from the garden, cut stalks at or below the ground level, and destroy or discard this plant debris.

Fungicide sprays may also help by protecting plants from infections. Apply these when spring weather is continuously cool and wet or if Botrytis blight has been a problem the previous year. There are many effective fungicides for use against Botrytis spp. in New York State, but products vary greatly depending on the site and type of plant(s) to be treated. Each fungicide is registered for use on different plant(s) or groups of plants so be certain the plant(s) which will be treated are listed on the label. Some fungicides with the active ingredients chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or potassium bicarbonate may be registered to treat some plants in the home landscape. Some of those products are also registered to treat plants in the home orchard or vegetable garden. For information on additional pesticides currently registered to treat Botrytis on specific plants, obtain the latest copy of "Pest Management Around the Home" Part II, Miscellaneous Bulletin S74 (available through Cornell Cooperative Extension). The label also contains information on how to apply the fungicide as well as any precautions so follow the label instructions for all pesticides used.

For commercial applications, please refer to the appropriate commercial pest management guidelines, or contact your local Cooperative Extension Office for more information on currently registered products.

When Botrytis blight of peony is a problem avoid the use of dense, wet mulches and apply the first fungicide spray in early spring just as the red shoots begin to push up out of the ground. When tulip fire is a problem cut and remove fading flowers before petal fall and cut and remove foliage at ground level when it yellows. Apply the first fungicide spray when leaves are four inches high.

With continuous inspection and careful sanitation gray mold can be effectively managed. Keep an eye out for the silvery-gray mold and/or tiny black sclerotia which are sure signs of this disease.

Table 1:

Last updated, SLJ 1/07